观察性研究虽然能发现「某些现象经常结伴出现」,但这并不意味着一个导致另一个。这里的关系可以有很多种情况,可以是 A 引起 B 或 B 引起 A;又或者 A 和 B 都是由 C 引起的等情况。就像在小区门口蹲点,发现「拎垃圾袋的人更容易穿拖鞋」,真正的原因是「家里垃圾满/要去倒垃圾」,而不是垃圾袋让人换了鞋。
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