Why does eating late lead to obesity and diabetes

ranchgirl

10-24-2022
Why does eating late lead to obesity and diabetes?

ByAndrei Ionescu
Earth.com staff writer
Scientists have long investigated the connection between meal timing, sleep, and obesity, arguing that overnutrition could disrupt circadian rhythms and change fat tissues. However, the mechanism behind why eating late at night is linked to weight gain and health issues such as diabetes is still poorly understood.

Now, a team of scientists from the Northwestern University has found that energy release may be the molecular mechanism through which our internal clocks control energy balance – an aspect which suggests that, for humans, daytime is the ideal time in the light environment of the Earth’s rotation when it is optimal to dissipate energy as heat. These finding could have a range of implications, from dieting and sleep loss to how clinicians feed patients who require long-term nutritional assistance.

“It is well known, albeit poorly understood, that insults to the body clock are going to be insults to metabolism,” said study corresponding author Joseph T. Bass, a professor of Medicine at Northwestern. “When animals consume Western style cafeteria diets — high fat, high carb — the clock gets scrambled. The clock is sensitive to the time people eat, especially in fat tissue, and that sensitivity is thrown off by high-fat diets. We still don’t understand why that is, but what we do know is that as animals become obese, they start to eat more when they should be asleep. This research shows why that matters.”

长期以来，科学家们一直在研究进餐时间、睡眠和肥胖之间的关系，认为营养过剩会破坏昼夜节律并改变脂肪组织。然而，为什么深夜进食与体重增加和糖尿病等健康问题有关的机制仍然知之甚少。

现在，来自西北大学的一组科学家发现，能量释放可能是我们内部时钟控制能量平衡的分子机制——这一方面表明，对于人类来说，白天是地球光环境中的理想时间。当以热的形式耗散能量是最佳的时旋转。这些发现可能会产生一系列影响，从节食和睡眠不足到临床医生如何为需要长期营养帮助的患者提供食物。

“众所周知，尽管人们知之甚少，但对生物钟的侮辱将是对新陈代谢的侮辱，”该研究的通讯作者、西北大学医学教授 Joseph T. Bass 说。 “当动物食用西式自助餐厅的饮食——高脂肪、高碳水化合物——时，时钟就会被打乱。时钟对人们进食的时间很敏感，尤其是在脂肪组织中，而这种敏感性会因高脂肪饮食而消失。我们仍然不明白为什么会这样，但我们知道的是，随着动物变得肥胖，它们应该在睡觉时开始吃得更多。这项研究表明了为什么这很重要。”

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In this recent study, the scientists focused on mice, which are nocturnal animals. By feeding them a high-fat diet either exclusively during their inactive or active period – while setting the lab temperature to 30 degrees, at which mice expand less energy, to mitigate the effects of temperature on their findings – the researchers discovered that those fed during light hours gained more weight compared to those fed in the dark.

“We thought maybe there’s a component of energy balance where mice are expending more energy eating at specific times,” said study first author Chelsea Hepler, a postdoctoral fellow in Professor Bass’ lab. “That’s why they can eat the same amount of food at different times of the day and be healthier when they eat during active periods versus when they should be sleeping.”

These findings could inform chronic care, particularly in cases where patients have gastric feeding tubes. Such patients are commonly fed at night while they sleep and they are releasing the least amount of energy. Since many of them tend to develop obesity and diabetes, medical professional should re-think their strategy to improve their patients’ health and well-being.

在最近的这项研究中，科学家们专注于老鼠，它们是夜行动物。通过在它们不活动或活动期间只给它们喂食高脂肪饮食——同时将实验室温度设置为 30 度，在该温度下，老鼠的能量膨胀较少，以减轻温度对其发现的影响——研究人员发现，那些在不活动或活动期间喂食的人与在黑暗中进食的人相比，光照时间增加了更多的重量。

“我们认为可能存在能量平衡的一个组成部分，即老鼠在特定时间消耗更多的能量，”研究第一作者、巴斯教授实验室的博士后研究员切尔西赫普勒说。 “这就是为什么他们可以在一天中的不同时间吃相同数量的食物，并且在活动期间吃东西而不是在应该睡觉的时候吃东西更健康。”

这些发现可以为长期护理提供信息，特别是在患者有胃饲管的情况下。这些患者通常在晚上睡觉时被喂食，并且他们释放的能量最少。由于他们中的许多人倾向于发展为肥胖和糖尿病，医疗专业人员应该重新考虑他们改善患者健康和福祉的策略。




The study is published in the journal Science.

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ranchgirl

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ranchgirl

Glycogen (糖原) store is full

Glycogen
a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.

一种作为碳水化合物储存物沉积在身体组织中的物质。 它是一种多糖，水解形成葡萄糖。

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org › health › diseases › 155...

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/h ... storage-disease-gsd

Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD)
Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is a genetic condition in which the body has an enzyme problem and is not able to store or break down the complex sugar glycogen properly. GSD affects the liver, muscles and other areas of the body. Several types of GSD can occur.

ranchgirl

What is the dawn phenomenon that some people with diabetes experience? Can anything be done about it?
Answer From M. Regina Castro, M.D.
The dawn phenomenon, also called the dawn effect, is the term used to describe an abnormal early-morning increase in blood sugar (glucose) — usually between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. — in people with diabetes.

Some researchers believe the natural overnight release of the so-called counter-regulatory hormones — including growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon and epinephrine — increases insulin resistance, causing blood sugar to rise. High morning blood sugar may also be caused by insufficient insulin the night before, insufficient anti-diabetic medication dosages or carbohydrate snack consumption at bedtime.

If you have persistently elevated blood sugar in the morning, checking your blood sugar once during the night — around 2 a.m. or 3 a.m. — for several nights in a row will help you and your doctor determine if you have the dawn phenomenon or if there's another reason for an elevated morning blood sugar reading.

What you can do
Your doctor may recommend a number of options to help you prevent or correct high blood sugar levels in the morning:

Avoid carbohydrates at bedtime.
Adjust your dose of medication or insulin.
Switch to a different medication.
Change the time when you take your medication or insulin from dinnertime to bedtime.
Use an insulin pump to administer extra insulin during early-morning hours.
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黎明现象，也称为黎明效应，是用于描述糖尿病患者清晨血糖（葡萄糖）异常升高（通常在凌晨 2 点到 8 点之间）的术语。

一些研究人员认为，所谓的反调节激素（包括生长激素、皮质醇(cortiel)、胰高血糖素和肾上腺素）的自然夜间释放会增加胰岛素抵抗，导致血糖升高。早上高血糖也可能是由于前一天晚上胰岛素不足、抗糖尿病药物剂量不足或睡前摄入碳水化合物零食引起的。

如果您在早上持续升高血糖，则在夜间（凌晨 2 点或 3 点左右）检查一次血糖，连续几个晚上将帮助您和您的医生确定您是否有黎明现象或是否有另一种早晨血糖读数升高的原因。

你可以做什么
您的医生可能会推荐一些选项来帮助您预防或纠正早上的高血糖水平：

睡前避免碳水化合物。
调整您的药物或胰岛素剂量。
换一种不同的药物。
将服用药物或胰岛素的时间从晚餐时间更改为就寝时间。
使用胰岛素泵在清晨给予额外的胰岛素。
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With

M. Regina Castro, M.D.